Jump to content

Christie's

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Christie's
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryArt, auctions
Founded1766; 258 years ago (1766)
FounderJames Christie
Headquarters
London
,
England
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
RevenueDecrease US$6.2 billion (2023)[2]
ParentGroupe Artémis
Websitechristies.com
Christie's American branch at Rockefeller Center in New York

Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie. Its main premises are on King Street, St James's in London, and it has additional salerooms in New York, Paris, Hong Kong, Milan, Amsterdam, Geneva, Shanghai, and Dubai.[3] It is owned by Groupe Artémis, the holding company of François Pinault.[4][5] In 2022 Christie's sold US$8.4 billion in art and luxury goods, an all-time high for any auction house.[6] On 15 November 2017, the Salvator Mundi was sold at Christie's in New York for $450 million to Saudi Prince Badr bin Abdullah Al Saud, the highest price ever paid for a painting.[7]

History

[edit]
In A Peep at Christies (1799), James Gillray caricatured actress Elizabeth Farren and huntsman Lord Derby examining paintings appropriate to their tastes and heights.

Founding

[edit]

The official company literature states that founder James Christie (1730–1803) conducted the first sale in London on 5 December 1766,[8] and the earliest auction catalogue the company retains is from December 1766. However, other sources note that James Christie rented auction rooms from 1762, and newspaper advertisements for Christie's sales dating from 1759 have also been traced.[9] After his death, Christie's son, James Christie the Younger (1773–1831) took over the business.[10]

20th century

[edit]
The Microcosm of London (1808), an engraving of Christie's auction room

Christie's was a public company, listed on the London Stock Exchange, from 1973 to 1999. In 1974, Jo Floyd was appointed chairman of Christie's. He served as chairman of Christie's International plc from 1976 to 1988, until handing over to Lord Carrington, and later was a non-executive director until 1992.[11] Christie's International Inc. held its first sale in the United States in 1977. Christie's growth was slow but steady since 1989, when it had 42% of the auction market.[12]

Clay tablet, a record of barley and emmer. Late Uruk period, 3300–3100 BCE. Purchased via Christie's in 1989, no provenance. British Museum

In 1990, the company reversed a long-standing policy and guaranteed a minimum price for a collection of artworks in its May auctions.[13] In 1996, sales exceeded those of Sotheby's for the first time since 1954.[14] However, profits did not grow at the same pace;[1] from 1993 through 1997, Christie's annual pretax profits were about $60M , whereas Sotheby's annual pretax profits were about $265M for those years.[15]

In 1993, Christie's paid $10.9M for the London gallery Spink & Son, which specialised in Oriental art and British paintings; the gallery was run as a separate entity. The company bought Leger Gallery for $3.3M in 1996, and merged it with Spink to become Spink-Leger.[16] Spink-Leger closed in 2002. To make itself competitive with Sotheby's in the property market, Christie's bought Great Estates in 1995, then the largest network of independent estate agents in North America, changing its name to Christie's Great Estates Inc.[12]

In December 1997, under the chairmanship of Lord Hindlip, Christie's put itself on the auction block, but after two months of negotiations with the consortium-led investment firm SBC Warburg Dillon Read it did not attract a bid high enough to accept.[15] In May 1998, François Pinault's holding company, Groupe Artémis S.A., first bought 29.1 per cent of the company for $243.2M, and subsequently purchased the rest of it in a deal that valued the entire company at $1.2bn.[1] The company has since not been reporting profits, though it gives sale totals twice a year. Its policy, in line with UK accounting standards, is to convert non-UK results using an average exchange rate weighted daily by sales throughout the year.[17]

21st century

[edit]

In 2002, Christie's France held its first auction in Paris.[18]

Like Sotheby's, Christie's became increasingly involved in high-profile private transactions. In 2006, Christie's offered a reported $21M guarantee to the Donald Judd Foundation and displayed the artist's works for five weeks in an exhibition that later won an AICA award for "Best Installation in an Alternative Space".[19] In 2007 it brokered a $68M deal that transferred Thomas Eakins's The Gross Clinic (1875) from the Jefferson Medical College at the Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia to joint ownership by the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.[20] In the same year, the Haunch of Venison gallery[21] became a subsidiary of the company.[22]

On 28 December 2008, The Sunday Times reported that Pinault's debts left him "considering" the sale of Christie's and that a number of "private equity groups" were thought to be interested in its acquisition.[23] In January 2009, the company employed 2,100 people worldwide, though an unspecified number of staff and consultants were soon to be cut due to a worldwide downturn in the art market;[24] later news reports said that 300 jobs would be cut.[25] With sales for premier Impressionist, Modern, and contemporary artworks tallying only US$248.8M in comparison to US$739M just a year before, a second round of job cuts began after May 2009.[26]

In 2012, Impressionist works, which dominated the market during the 1980s boom, were replaced by contemporary art as Christie's top category. Asian art was the third most lucrative area.[17] With income from classic auctioneering falling, treaty sales made £413.4 million ($665M) in the first half of 2012, an increase of 53% on the same period last year; they now represent more than 18% of turnover.[27] The company has since promoted curated events, centred on a theme rather than an art classification or time period.[28]

As part of a companywide review in 2017, Christie's announced the layoffs of 250 employees, or 12 per cent of the total work force, based mainly in Britain and Europe.[29]

In June 2021, Christie's Paris held its first sale dedicated to women artists, most notably Louise Moillon's Nature morte aux raisins et pêches.[30]

In 2022 Christie's sold $8.4bn in art and luxury goods, an all-time high for any auction house.[6][31]

Christie's agreed to acquire American classic car auction house, Gooding & Company, in September 2024.[32]

Commissions

[edit]

From 2008 until 2013, Christie's charged 25 per cent for the first $50,000; 20 per cent on the amount between $50,001 and $1M, and 12 per cent on the rest. From 2013, it charged 25 per cent for the first $75,000; 20 per cent on the next $75,001 to $1.5M and 12 per cent on the rest.[33]

As of 2023, Christie's commission (buyer's premium) is 26 per cent of the hammer price of each lot up to £800,000/US$1,000,000, plus 21 per cent of the hammer price from £800,001/US$1,000,001 up to and including £4,500,000/US$6,000,000, and 15 per cent on the rest.[34]

Locations

[edit]

As of 2023, Christie's has offices in 46 countries worldwide, with salerooms in London, New York, Paris, Geneva, Milan, Amsterdam, Dubai, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.[3]

Europe

[edit]

Christie's flagship saleroom is in London on King Street in St. James's, where it has been based since 1823. It had a second London saleroom in South Kensington which opened in 1975 and primarily handled the middle market. Christie's permanently closed the South Kensington saleroom in July 2017 as part of their restructuring plans announced in March 2017. The closure was due in part to a considerable decrease in sales between 2015 and 2016 in addition to the company expanding its online sales presence.[35][36]

In early 2017, Christie's also announced plans to scale back its operation in Amsterdam.[29]

Americas

[edit]

In 1977, led by then Chairman Stephen Lash, the company opened its first international branch on Park Avenue in New York City in the Delmonico's Hotel grand ballroom on the second floor;[37][38] in 1997 it took a 30-year lease on a 28,000 m2 (300,000 sq ft) space in Rockefeller Center for $40M.[39]

Until 2001, Christie's East, a division that sold lower-priced art and objects, was located at 219 East 67th Street. In 1996, Christie's bought a townhouse on East 59th Street in Manhattan as a separate gallery where experts could show clients art in complete privacy to conduct private treaty sales.[12]

Christie's opened a Beverly Hills saleroom in 1997.[40] In April 2017, in moved to a 4,500 sq ft (420 m2) two-story flagship space in Beverly Hills, designed by wHY.[41]

Asia

[edit]

Christie's has been operating a space in Hong Kong's Alexandra House since 2014. In 2021, the company announced plans to move its Hong Kong headquarters to the Zaha Hadid-designed luxury tower The Henderson in 2024, where it will launch year-round auctions. Measuring more than 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2) over four storeys, the new space, which incorporates a permanent saleroom and galleries, is comparable in size to Christie's London headquarters.[42]

Notable auctions

[edit]
Pontormo, Portrait of a Halberdier, 1528–1530. Sold by Christie's for US$35.2 million in 1989. (J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles)

Criticism

[edit]

Price-fixing scandal in 2000

[edit]

In 2000, allegations surfaced of a price-fixing arrangement between Christie's and Sotheby's. Executives from Christie's subsequently alerted the Department of Justice of their suspicions of commission-fixing collusion.

Christie's gained immunity from prosecution in the United States as a longtime employee of Christie's confessed and cooperated with the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. Numerous members of Sotheby's senior management were fired soon thereafter, and A. Alfred Taubman, the largest shareholder of Sotheby's at the time, took most of the blame; he and Dede Brooks (the CEO) were given jail sentences, and Christie's, Sotheby's and their owners also paid a civil lawsuit settlement of $512M.[99][100][101]

Insufficient or invalid provenance for looted works

[edit]

Christie's has been criticised for "an embarrassing history of a lack of transparency around provenance".[86] In 2003, Christie's was criticised for its handling of two Nazi-looted artworks claimed by heirs of the original Jewish owners. In one case, it refused to divulge to the heirs the location of an Italian painting formerly owned by Jewish Viennese banker Heinrich Graf, looted by the Gestapo.[102][103] Christie's eventually revealed the holder's name after the Jewish Community of Vienna filed a successful suit in the UK on behalf of Graf's American daughters in late 2004.[104] In the other 2003 case Christie's declined to inform the family that it had discovered that a painting consigned to it had been looted from Ulla and Moriz Rosenthal, a Jewish couple murdered in Auschwitz.[105][106]

On 19 May 2020, the craft supply company Hobby Lobby, who purchased material for loan or donation to The Museum of the Bible, filed a diversity action on the auction house regarding the sale and purchase of the Gilgamesh tablet by private sale agreement on 14 July 2014, allegedly while knowing the Iraqi-origin cuneiform object had a fake provenance.[107][108] In June 2020, they were forced to withdraw four Greek and Roman antiquities from sale after it was discovered that they came from "sites linked to convicted antiquities traffickers".[86][109] The same month, they were criticised for putting up a Benin plaque and two Igbo alusi figures for auction.[110][111] The plaque was tied to similar plaques taken from Nigeria during the Benin Expedition of 1897 and remained unsold after an auction was held.[111] The alusi figures are alleged to have been taken from Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War and were sold for €212,500 (after fees), below their low estimate of €250,000.[111][112] Christie's claims to require "verifiable documented provenance that the object was taken out of its source nation prior to the earlier date of 2000, or the date which is legally applicable between the country in which the sale takes place and the source nation".[111]

In November 2014, Christie's had to withdraw a prehistoric sculpture from Sardinia, valued at $800,000–$1.2m, put on auction by Michael Steinhardt, a US-billionaire, who was given a lifetime ban on acquiring further antiquities by the Manhattan district attorney's office in 2021.[113] After having acquired artworks with unverified provenance for years, for example by convicted art dealer Giacomo Medici, Steinhard's collection had been subjected to search warrants and investigations since 2017. He finally surrendered 180 looted and illegally smuggled antiquities valued at $70m. According to The Guardian, the district attorney said: "For decades, Michael Steinhardt displayed a rapacious appetite for plundered artefacts without concern for the legality of his actions, the legitimacy of the pieces he bought and sold or the grievous cultural damage he wrought across the globe.[114]

In February 2023 a French court ordered Christie's to unconditionally restitute Dutch painting The Penitent Magdalene, signed Adriaen van der Werff (1707), looted in 1942 from Lionel Hauser in Paris and last sold by the auction house without any provenance in London in April 2005.[115][116] Christie's had offered the Hauser heirs 50 per cent of the sale price; the heirs refused the offer and took the case to court.[117][118]

Blockchain Technology at Auctions

[edit]

In 2018, Christie's began offering "digital passports" stored on the blockchain to a select number of private collectors purchasing art. These "certificates of ownership" gave the buyer a clear and transparent provenance record of the piece of art they were purchasing, a record that could never be erased or manipulated, and accessible worldwide.[119]

Six years later in October 2024, two Christie's auctions exhibited this block-chain technology in the most public events to date. In the first, on October 2, Christie's New York showcased the work of Diane Arbus and Cindy Sherman in An Eye Towards the Real: Photographs from the Collection of Ambassador Trevor Traina - a former U.S. ambassador to Austria and founder of the web3 wallet provider Kresus. Eight days later on October 10, Christie's New York auctioned Ascend, a digital work created by Ryan Koopmans and Alice Wexell, marking the first time a piece inscribed on Bitcoin's Ordinals protocol had been sold in a live auction at Christie’s. Christie's sees this "integration of physical and digital ownership" as the future of art auctioning, and the most efficient way for buyers to know they've purchased a work with as accurate and secure a provenance as possible.[120]

Christie's Fine Art Storage Services (CFASS)

[edit]

Christie's first ventured into storage services for outside clients in 1984, when it opened a 100,000 square feet brick warehouse in London that was granted "Exempted Status" by HM Revenue and Customs,[121] meaning that property may be imported into the United Kingdom and stored without incurring import duties and VAT. Christie's Fine Art Storage Services, or CFASS, is a wholly owned subsidiary that runs Christie's storage operation.

In September 2008, Christie's signed a 50-year lease on an early 1900s warehouse of the historic N.Y.D. Company[122] in Red Hook, Brooklyn, and subsequently spent $30M converting it into a six-storey, 250,000 square feet[123] art-storage facility.[121] The facility opened in 2010 and features high-tech security and climate controls that maintain a virtually constant 70°[clarification needed] and 50% relative humidity.[124]

Located near the Upper Bay tidal waterway near the Atlantic Ocean, the Brooklyn facility was hit by at least one storm surge during Hurricane Sandy in 2012. CFASS subsequently faced client defections and complaints arising from damage to works of art.[122] In 2013, AXA Art Insurance filed a lawsuit in New York court alleging that CFASS' "gross negligence" during the hurricane damaged art collected by late cellist Gregor Piatigorsky and his wife Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild.[125] Later that year, StarNet Insurance Co., the insurer for the LeRoy Neiman Foundation and the artist's estate, also filed a lawsuit in New York Supreme Court claiming that the storage company's negligence caused more than $10M in damages to Neiman's art.[126]

Educational and other ventures

[edit]

Christie's Education previously offered master's degree programs in London and New York, but they were planned to be phased out in 2019. In 2020, in the aftermath of the murder of George Floyd, Christie's noted that there was a lack of racial diversity in the art world, and admitted that Christie's degree programs only exacerbated these inequities.[127]

However, Christie's continue to offer non-degree programmes in London, New York, Hong Kong and Amsterdam as well as online.[128] In addition they offer an Art Business Masterclass Certificate and the Luxury Masterclass Certificate.[129]

With Bonhams, Christie's is a shareholder in the London-based Art Loss Register, a privately owned database used by law enforcement services worldwide to trace and recover stolen art.[130]

Management

[edit]

Since its acquisition by François Pinault, Christie's CEOs have been as follows:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Carol Vogel (19 May 1998), Frenchman Seeks the Rest Of Christie's The New York Times.
  2. ^ Cassady, Daniel (18 December 2023). "Christie's Brings in $6.2 B. in 2023, Down More Than $2 B. from Last Year's Total". ARTnews. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Christie's Locations". Christies.com. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  4. ^ "Christie's". Groupe Artémis. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012.
  5. ^ Kazakina, Katya (14 December 2016). "Christie's Names Guillaume Cerutti as CEO Replacing Barbizet". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  6. ^ a b Cassady, Daniel (19 December 2022). "Christie's Racks Up $8.4. B. in 2022, An All-Time High for An Auction House". ARTnews. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  7. ^ Crow, Kelly (16 November 2017). "Leonardo da Vinci Painting 'Salvator Mundi' Sells for $450.3 Million". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  8. ^ "Christies.com – About Us". Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2008. James Christie conducted the first sale in London on 5 December 1766.
  9. ^ Gazetteer and London Daily Advertiser (London, England), 25 September 1762; Issue 10460
  10. ^ M.A. Michael (2019). "Not Exactly a Connoisseur A New Portrait of James Christie". The British Art Journal (London: Robin Simon). 19:76.
  11. ^ Sarah Lyall (27 February 1998), Jo Floyd, 74; Led Growth and Change at Christie's The New York Times.
  12. ^ a b c Carol Vogel (11 February 1997), At the Wire, Auction Fans, It's, It's . . . Christie's! The New York Times.
  13. ^ Rita Reif (12 March 1990), Christie's Reverses Stand on Price Guarantees The New York Times.
  14. ^ Carol Vogel (6 May 1998), Frenchman Gets Big Stake In Christie's The New York Times.
  15. ^ a b Carol Vogel (19 February 1998), Christie's Ends Talks On Takeover By Swiss The New York Times.
  16. ^ Carol Vogel (22 June 2001), Re: Real Estate The New York Times.
  17. ^ a b Scott Reyburn (17 July 2012), Rothko, Private Sales Help Boost Christie's Revenue 13% Bloomberg.
  18. ^ Souren Melikian (17 January 2004), The battle of Paris: Christie's rising International Herald Tribune.
  19. ^ Souren Melikian (12 January 2007), How Christie's kept top spot over Sotheby's in 2006 sales The New York Times.
  20. ^ Judd Tully (24 October 2011), Private Sales Go Public: Why Christie's and Sotheby's Are Embracing Galleries Like Never Before Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine The New York Observer.
  21. ^ Colin Gleadell (27 February 2007), Christie's move stuns dealers The Daily Telegraph.
  22. ^ Kate Taylor (16 April 2007), Auction Houses Vs. Dealers New York Sun.
  23. ^ Walsh, Kate (28 December 2008). "Pinault woes may force Château Latour sell-off". (London) Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  24. ^ Werdigier, Julia (12 January 2009). "Christie's Plans Cuts as Auctions Slow". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  25. ^ Holson, Laura M. (8 February 2009). "In World of High-Glamour, Low-Pay Jobs, the Recession Has Its Bright Spots". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  26. ^ "Christie's Resumes Cutting Jobs After May N.Y. Auctions Decline". Bloomberg News. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  27. ^ Georgina Adam (17 October 2012), Battle for private selling showsArchived 23 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Art Newspaper.
  28. ^ Childs, Mary (26 January 2016). "'Curated' auctions and new buyers keep Christie's in the frame". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  29. ^ a b Scott Reyburn (8 March 2017), Christie's to Close a London Salesroom and Scale Back in Amsterdam The New York Times.
  30. ^ "Christie's Paris is Holding Its First Sale Dedicated to Women Artists in June". Observer. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  31. ^ Crow, Kelly (19 December 2022). "Christie's Sells Record $8.4 Billion in Art, Spurred by Big Estates and Young Bidders". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022.
  32. ^ Elliot, Hannah (12 September 2024). "Merger of Christie's, Gooding Auction Houses Applauded as 'Overdue'". Bloomberg News.
  33. ^ Carol Vogel (18 February 2013), Christie's Raises Its Commissions for First Time in Five Years. The New York Times.
  34. ^ "Buyer's premium". Christie's. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  35. ^ Spero, Josh (9 March 2017). "Christie's to close South Kensington sale room". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  36. ^ "Christie's South Kensington to close sooner than expected". Antiquestradegazette.com.
  37. ^ Reif, Rita (15 May 1977). "The London Art Market Arrives". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  38. ^ Reif, Rita (30 September 1976). "Christie's Will Open New York Galleries". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  39. ^ Carol Vogel (25 March 1997), Rockefeller Center Lease Is Signed By Christie's New York Times.
  40. ^ Irene Lacher (2 August 1996), Christie's Ups the Ante With Beverly Hills Space Los Angeles Times.
  41. ^ Gabriella Angeleti (9 February 2017), Christie's to open new flagship location in Los Angeles The Art Newspaper.
  42. ^ Annie Shaw (27 July 2021), Follow the money: Christie's bets on Hong Kong with vast new headquarters as clients in Asia spend over $1bn so far this year The Art Newspaper.
  43. ^ Country Life (27 December 2016). "1848: the Stowe sale". Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  44. ^ Country Life (28 December 2016). "1882: the Hamilton Palace sale". Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  45. ^ Clines, Francis X. (31 March 1987). "Van Gogh Sets Auction Record: $39.9 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  46. ^ "The most expensive car in the world". The Telegraph. 23 March 2002. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  47. ^ Kimmelman, Michael (3 June 1989). "The Getty Fills a Role, for Itself and the Public". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  48. ^ "Christie, Manson and Woods, sale 8030, 11 November 1994". Christies.com. 11 November 1994. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  49. ^ Michaud, Christopher (30 October 1998). "Eueka!: Archimedes Text Fetches $2.2 Million". Washington Post. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  50. ^ Moonan, Wendy (20 April 2007). "Rare Books, New Worlds". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  51. ^ "Car auction 'thrills' Elton John". CNN. 6 June 2001. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  52. ^ "Qing Dynasty bowl smashes record auction price". China Daily. Reuters. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  53. ^ Watts, Jonathan (28 November 2006). "Woman pays Asian record £10m to keep Qing bowl in family". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  54. ^ "Stradivarius tops auction record". BBC News. 17 May 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
  55. ^ Vogel, Carol (9 November 2006). "$491 Million Sale at Christie's Shatters Art Auction Record". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
  56. ^ Collett-White, Mike (20 January 2007). "Breakfast at Tiffany's dress fetches $800,000". Reuters. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  57. ^ "Bulgaria, Christie's Face Off Over Looted Artifact". Art Info. 7 November 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  58. ^ Kodzhabasheva, Ani (7 June 2011). "Rogue excavators routinely steal and destroy Bulgaria's archaeological treasures". The Oxonian Globalist. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  59. ^ "Christie's". Studiospecial.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  60. ^ "Most expensive Gundam picture sold in history". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  61. ^ Lim, Le-Min (25 May 2008). "Gun-Slinging Robot, Wooden Beams Mark Quiet Hong Kong Art Sale". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011.
  62. ^ "Gundam Painting Auctioned for US$600,000+ in Hong Kong". Animenewsnetwork.com. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  63. ^ Vogel, Carol (25 June 2008). "A Monet Sets a Record: $80.4 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  64. ^ a b "Record-breaking YSL auction shrugs off crisis". Reuters. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  65. ^ Erlanger, Steve (23 February 2009). "Yves Saint Laurent Art Sale Brings In $264 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  66. ^ "Small brown armchair sells for £19 million". The Daily Telegraph. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  67. ^ Harris, George (2 March 2009). "China demands return of Christie's 'looted relics'". France 24. Agence France-Presse (AFP). Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  68. ^ Pomfret, James (30 November 2009). "Classical paintings shine at Christie's in Hong Kong". Reuters. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  69. ^ Vogel, Carol (4 May 2010). "At $106.5 Million, a Picasso Sets an Auction Record". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  70. ^ Crow, Kelly (14 June 2010). "Christie's Sells Modigliani for $52.6 Million". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  71. ^ "Marathon cup from 1896 sets Olympics auction record". Reuters. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  72. ^ "NYC Auction of George Washington Document Sets Record". CBS News New York. 22 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  73. ^ Vogel, Carol (12 November 2013). "At $142.4 Million, Triptych Is the Most Expensive Artwork Ever Sold at an Auction". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  74. ^ Sherwin, Adam (13 November 2013). "When Lucian met Francis: Relationship that spawned most expensive painting ever sold". The Independent. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  75. ^ "Bacon painting fetches record price". BBC. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  76. ^ Swaine, Jon (13 November 2013). "Francis Bacon triptych smashes art auction record". Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  77. ^ "Contemporary art market cools, but Modern sector heats up at Christie's in 2015". theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  78. ^ "Oppenheimer Blue diamond sells for world record at auction". The Guardian. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  79. ^ Alain Truong art blog
  80. ^ 6010107 Christie's sale record
  81. ^ "PATEK PHILIPPE (REFERENCE 5208T-010 REFERENCE 5208T-010 WAS CREATED SPECIALLY FOR ONLY WATCH 2017)". Christies.com. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  82. ^ Besler, Carol. "Christie's ONLY Watch Charity Auction Totals $10.8-Million, Including A $6-Million Patek Philippe". Forbes. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  83. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci painting 'Salvator Mundi' sold for record $450.3 million". Foxnews.com. 15 November 2017.
  84. ^ "'Stolen' Tutankhamun bust sells for £4.7m". BBC News. 4 July 2019.
  85. ^ Michaelson, Ruth (10 June 2019). "Egypt tries to stop sale of Tutankhamun statue in London". The Guardian.
  86. ^ a b c d e Rice, Stephennie Mulder and Yael. "The mystery of the Timurid Qur'an". Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  87. ^ a b "Quran quietly sells for record £7m despite questions over its provenance". Theartnewspaper.com. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  88. ^ Guy, Jack (11 October 2020). "T. rex skeleton sells for $31.8 million setting new world record". CNN.
  89. ^ Ulaby, Neda (9 May 2022). "A Warhol 'Marilyn' brings a record auction price, $195 million". NPR. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  90. ^ Tarmy, James (9 May 2022). "Warhol Marilyn Sells for $195 Million, Most Ever for U.S. Artist". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  91. ^ Bedigan, Mike (6 October 2022). "James Bond 60th anniversary charity auction raises nearly £7m". The Independent. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  92. ^ Shetty, Bhavya (12 November 2022). "Art from Microsoft founder Paul Allen sells for $1.6 billion". Storyik. pp. storyik.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  93. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (26 August 2022). "Christie's to Sell Paul G. Allen's $1 Billion Art Collection". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  94. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (10 November 2022). "Paul G. Allen's Art at Christie's Tops $1.5 Billion, Cracking Records". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  95. ^ Angelica Villa; Daniel Cassady (10 November 2022). "Collection of Deceased Tech Billionaire Paul Allen Draws Historic $1.5 B. in Christie's Auction". ARTnews.
  96. ^ Holland, Oscar; Orie, Amarachi (16 May 2023). "Controversial jewelry collection fetches a record-shattering $201 million". CNN.
  97. ^ Hernandez, Belen (10 April 2023). "Christie's largest jewelry sale: A billionaire widow, diamonds and a fortune built on Nazi plunder". El País.
  98. ^ Small, Zachary (31 August 2023). "Christie's Cancels Sale of Jewelry Connected to Nazi-Era Fortune". The New York Times.
  99. ^ Rohleder, Anna (2001). "Who's Who in the Sotheby's Price-Fixing Trial". Forbes. New York. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
  100. ^ Mason, Christopher (3 May 2005). Art of the Steal: Inside the Sotheby's-Christie's Auction House Scandal. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-4406-0480-5.
  101. ^ "Going Once, Going Twice... Glamour, Greed and Fraud at Sotheby's and Christie's". Knowledge@Wharton. University of Pennsylvania. 8 September 2004. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
  102. ^ Reich, Howard (30 December 2002). "Sisters track art stolen by Nazis". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  103. ^ Pratley, Nils (25 October 2003). "Christie's hides behind confidentiality over painting stolen by Gestapo". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  104. ^ Reich, Howard (27 May 2017). "Bittersweet ending: A Nazi-looted painting resurfaces but is not returned". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  105. ^ Pratley, Nils (24 October 2003). "Christie's hid Nazi past of painting". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  106. ^ "Christie's denies Nazi cover-up". 24 October 2003. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  107. ^ "HOBBY LOBBY STORES, INC., Plaintiff, v. CHRISTIE'S INC. and John Doe #1, Defendants. 20-CV-2239". FindLaw. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  108. ^ "Hobby Lobby sues Christie's for selling it an antiquity authorities say was looted". Theartnewspaper.com. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  109. ^ "Christie's withdraws 'looted' Greek and Roman treasures". The Guardian. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  110. ^ Obi-Young, Otosirieze. "Art Historian Chika Okeke-Agulu Calls for Cancellation of Paris Auction of Igbo Sculptures". Folio Nigeria. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  111. ^ a b c d "Waning market for African artefacts? Controversial Benin bronze fails to sell at Christie's". Theartnewspaper.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  112. ^ "Christie's Paris Sells Two 'Sacred Sculptures' From Nigeria, Despite Protests From Scholars and Nigerian Heritage Authorities". artnet News. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  113. ^ McKinley, James C. Jr. (6 January 2018). "Looted Antiques Seized From Billionaire's Home, Prosecutors Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  114. ^ Alberge, Dalya (7 December 2021). "US billionaire surrenders $70m of stolen art". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  115. ^ "French court orders Christie's to restitute a Nazi-looted painting sold in London". The Art Newspaper – International art news and events. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  116. ^ Villa, Angelica (31 January 2023). "Christie's Ordered to Return Painting That Was Confiscated During World War II to Proust Heirs". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  117. ^ "Legal battle over 'Mary Magdalene' painting looted by Nazis in Paris". Le Monde.fr. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  118. ^ "Justice orders the return of a painting looted by the Nazis from a cousin of Marcel Proust". Time News. 28 January 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  119. ^ Artory to Join Christie’s Panel on Art and Blockchain Artory.
  120. ^ Dorian Batycka (11 October 2024), From ordinals to ownership: Christie's explores new frontiers of blockchain-based provenance The Art Newspaper.
  121. ^ a b Kelly Crow (26 April 2010), The Ultimate Walk-In Closet: Christie's Offers Art Storage in Brooklyn The Wall Street Journal.
  122. ^ a b Laura Gilbert (26 April 2013), An exodus from Red Hook The Art Newspaper.
  123. ^ Diane Cardwell (24 August 2009), A High-Tech Home for Multimillion-Dollar Works of Art The New York Times.
  124. ^ Jennifer Maloney (10 May 2013), Builder Is Bullish on New York City's Fine-Art Storage Market: Developer Starts Construction of Art Storage Facility in Long Island City The Wall Street Journal.
  125. ^ Laura Gilbert (20 August 2013), Axa sues Christie's storage services over Sandy damage The Art Newspaper.
  126. ^ Laura Gilbert (12 December 2013), Christie's storage hit by second lawsuit over storm damage The Art Newspaper.
  127. ^ "A statement from Christie's Education". education.christies.com. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  128. ^ Karen W. Arenson (20 October 2005), Getting a Master's Looking at the Masters The New York Times.
  129. ^ "FAQs | Christie's Education London". education.christies.com. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  130. ^ The Art Loss Register, Ltd.: "The Art Loss Register is the world's largest database of stolen art and antiques dedicated to their recovery. Its shareholders include Christie's, Bonhams, members of the insurance industry and art trade associations. " Retrieved 27 September 2008.
  131. ^ "Christie's appoint new CEO". Antiques Trade Gazette. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  132. ^ "Christie's CEO Steven Murphy will step down". Fortune. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  133. ^ "Christie's Names Barbizet First Woman CEO as Murphy Exits". Bloomberg. Retrieved 14 May 2015
  134. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (14 December 2016). "Christie's Chief Executive to Step Down and Hand Reins to Guillaume Cerutti". The New York Times.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • J. Herbert, Inside Christie's, London, 1990 (ISBN 978-0340430439)
  • P. A. Colson, The Story of Christie's, London, 1950
  • H. C. Marillier, Christie's, 1766–1925, London, 1926
  • M. A. Michael, A Brief History of Christie's Education... , London, 2008 (ISBN 978-0955780707)
  • W. Roberts, Memorials of Christie's, 2 vols, London, 1897
  • "Going Once." Phaidon Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0-7148-7202-5.
[edit]